Rise of nationalism in Europe Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Rise of nationalism in Europe - Term Paper Example Introduction Nationalism is an idea that materialized in the eighteenth and nineteenth century causing developments in Europe. Europe had been characterized by dominant monarchies who exercised autocracy in their territory. Many countries in Europe welcomed the spirit of nationalism and became transformed into nation-states. Although the process hand many challenges nationalism was adapted leading to the conception of nation- states. This term paper talks about the rise of nationalism in Europe. It will identify major events like evolutions and the spread of key ideologies to explain the rise of nationalism in Europe. This term paper will consult various print materials to get a clear picture of how nationalism as a concept was perceived and implemented in Europe. 2. The rise of nationalism in Europe Gellner and Breuilly (2) note that, nationalism is the notion of people with a common geographical origin that they can identify with one another. Such people have a common culture which is common to them. Cultural identity include: dressing, cuisine, language, myths, legends and beliefs. Therefore, a specific territory would have a political system. 2.1. Conception of Nationalism Nationalism evolved over a long period in Europe since different people with a common origin had their own practices concerning their territory. Different states had developed power control mechanism over a specified territory. A nation-state emerged after different leaders together with their general public discovered they shared their decent and would identify with shared history as Smith (13) discusses. The notion of nationalism was born out struggles championed by the population and leaders. The actions of champions of nationalism brought about changes in the European political system and perception about Europe. For instance Italy and Germany were formed from different states that claimed common identity as Todd (14) mentions. However, other countries such as Poland, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania had to struggle for their independence. Europe ended up with nation-states since the dynasties and empires were absorbed by the spirit of nationalism. Nationalism was championed by the French Revolution which adapted the notion of a nation-state. Leaders such as Napoleon campaigned for approval of nationalism to cause political transformation. The revolution emphasized brotherhood, equality as well as liberty. The revolutionist wanted to accentuate that people with a common origin could attain self-determinism and become accustomed to liberal ideologies. There was intellectual enlightenment that people could articulate their nationhood by prescribing to their culture for national identity. Leaders such as Friedrich Hegel of Germany believed that identifying with nationality was going to remain strong while religions and empires were declining. During the Napoleon wars dynasties could not be restored because they supported legitimism and failed to recognize nationalism. People were keen to obey royal authority and left nationalism to political radicals and scholars. Carlsbad Decrees published in Australia in early nineteenth century caused political repression. This agitated nationalists (Smith 24). 2.2. The French Revolution Towards the end of eighteenth century nationalism ideas surfaced with the French Revolution. In 1789 France was ruled by a monarch with a clear territory. The French revolution saw the powers of the monarch being transferred to a group of French citizens. These changes were made in the

The advertising of condoms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

The advertising of condoms - Term Paper Example Condom and pills are equally popular as methods of contraception as per data collected by the Office for National Statistics (Daily Mail, 2009). This was the outcome of a  £5.2 million campaign by the Department of Health conducted with the view of getting more women to carry condoms. Even in developing countries like Thailand condoms are 90% effective in preventing HIV transmission (Hearst & Chen, 2004). However, in countries such as Botswana and Cameroon the sale of condom rose but so did the incidences of HJIV transmission, thereby suggesting that condom use does not reduce HIV and AIDS transmission. No details were available of who used the condoms. Thus condom use might be high among the general public and low among those in high risk. Again, inconsistent use leads to higher risk of HIV transmission. Condom promotion can be successful among commercial sex workers although promoting its use to the general public is difficult. Several condom-promoting strategies have been employed such as free distribution among sex workers and lowering prices but the most successful strategy has been social marketing. In Uganda use of condom was very low until social marketing began in 1990s. The developed and the developing countries had the same response to the promotion of condoms – it would encourage sexual activity with condoms rather than encourage abstinence. This attitude affects advertisement design in this sector. 2. Social marketing Social marketing uses the four marketing Ps – product, price, placement and position – as is used for generic products. For a global strategy of the control of HIV social marketing of condoms has been adopted as the key element (Cohen, Farley, Bedimo-Etame & Scribner, 1999 ). In the US when condom was freely distributed and readily visible and accessible through health care facilities, the use of condoms increased particularly among those at a high risk of HIV and STIs. Condom social marketing in the US was found to be feasible, acceptable and a promising intervention that aided in reducing the number of incidences in STDs. There was relatively small opposition to the program from groups that were traditionally opposed to condoms. Social marketing for condoms is used both for HIV prevention and family planning. Selling condoms falls under social marketing which is not about coercion or inducement. The social marketers try to induce change by applying the principal of exchange (Stead, Gordon, Angus, & McDermott, 2007). It recognizes that the change must bring clear benefit to the customer. Social marketing also involves stages such as targeting, positioning and formulating the marketing mix as generic marketing. Social marketing is concerned with welfa re of the society and is not meant for the benefit of the organization. This is the essence of social marketing. Social marketing has also been defined as the systematic application of marketing concepts and techniques to achieve specific behaviour goals (Lefebvre, 2011). In developed countries social marketing takes the route of persuasive communications for